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The criterion of multiple attestation or ''independent attestation'' is a tool used by Biblical scholars to help determine whether certain actions or sayings by Jesus in the New Testament are from Historical Jesus. Simply put, the more independent witnesses that report an event or saying, the better. See Criteria of authenticity and the Historical Jesus. == Examples of its use == The gospels are not always independent of each other. Matthew and Luke, for example, probably had Mark's gospel sitting right in front of them when they were writing. The ''criterion of multiple attestation'' focuses on the sayings or deeds of Jesus that are attested to in more than one independent literary source such as Apostle Paul, Josephus, Q and/or the Gospel of the Hebrews. The force of this criterion is increased if a given motif or theme is also found in different literary forms such as parables, dispute stories, miracle stories, prophecy, and/or aphorism.〔Catherine M. Murphy, ''The Historical Jesus For Dummies'', For Dummies Pub., 2007. p 14, 61-77〕〔John P. Meier, ''A Marginal Jew'', Yale University Press, 2009.〕 Multiple attestation has a certain kind of objectivity. Given the ''independence'' of the sources, satisfaction of the criterion makes it harder to maintain that it was an invention of the Church. Still, this criterion, however useful, is typically one of a number of criteria, such as the criterion of discontinuity and the criterion of embarrassment, along with the historical method. For example the "Kingdom of God" ''motif'' appears in "Mark, Q, the ''Gospel of the Hebrews'', special Lucan tradition, and John, with echoes in Paul, despite the fact that 'Kingdom of God' is not Paul's preferred way of speaking." It also appears in an array of literary genres. The ''words'' attributed to Jesus on the bread and wine during the Last Supper (found in Mark, Paul, the Didache and arguably in John) and on divorce (found in Mark and Paul) are examples of sayings that are multiply attested. An example of an ''event'' that is multiply attested is Jesus's meeting with John the Baptist (found in Mark and John). 〔Bart D. Ehrman, ''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium,'' Oxford, 1999. pp 90–91.〕 〔John P. Meier, ''A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus'', Doubleday, 1991. v. 1, pp 174–175, 317〕 〔Stanley E. Porter, ''The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: Previous Discussion and New Proposals'' Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.〕 〔Gerd Thiessen|Thiessen, & Dagmar Winter. ''The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria'', Westminster John Knox Press, 2002.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criterion of multiple attestation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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